Humor in Act 2 Scene 5 of Twelfth Night :: European Literature

In Act 2 scene 5 the mood is very lighthearted and is full of theatrical comedy, we find Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and their friend Fabian hidden away as they await Malvolio to stumble upon the letter supposedly written by Olivia. Even though they are hidden the audience can still see their reactions and hear their comments, which adds to the melodramatic aspect of the scene. The audience is anxious to see what unravels next as they know Maria purposely wrote the letter in order to fool Malvolio. Malvolio's entrance to the scene immediately creates comedy as even before he finds the letter we find him fantasizing about being "Count Malvolio", this notion creates humor as it seems that Malvolio has forgot he is merely Olivia's steward not her social equal despite his is conceited self-righteousness. The farce is enhanced by comments made by the onlookers who insult Malvolio, "Pistol him, pistol him!" Sir Andrew makes this comment, as he himself desires Olivia's hand in marriage. Malvolio lets his imagination go wild creating further humor when he imagines that his "kinsman Toby" will approach and curtsy in front of him. Malvolio finds the letter and notices that it is Olivia's handwriting. Shakespeare creates comedy with his play on words, Malvolio comments on how it is almost certainly Olivia's writing "these be her very C's, her U's, and her T's and thus makes she her great Ps" The use of the sexual innuendo referring to the female genitalia and urination is very clear when spoken aloud which is very amusing. Further comedy is created by Sir Andrews reaction, "C's, her U's, and her T's: why that?" Sir Andrew does not understand the joke, the audience finds this funny but at the same time we also feel sorry for him because he is very dim witted. After Malvolio establishes that "Olivia" writes the letter he then begins to interpret the letter to suit his situation. "`M'--Malvolio! `M'! Why, that begins my name" It is humorous because he believes the letters "M.O.A.I" is an acronym for his name. However the audience knows that it is a device cleverly thought up by Maria that has obviously succeeded in its purpose to trick Malvolio. The reading of the letter creates comedy the requests are outrageous. Malvolio is told to wear yellow cross-gartered stockings "to be opposite with kinsman, surly with servants" and to constantly smile. The thought of this is hilarious considering that Malvolio is a strict puritan and is very malice towards others.

Philosophy of Religion Essay

In this paper, I will evaluate the argument Richard Swinburne offered in support of theism. I will first explain the distinction between regularities of co-presence and regularities of succession and why their understanding is necessary in understanding Swinburne’s argument. After this, I will present the arguments I have derived from the passage given, derived from Swinburne’s book. I will then proceed to identify the issues that determine whether his is a sound theory or not by explaining the premises Swinburne bases his argument on, and conclude by giving reasons why I think these objections succeed. Richard Swinburne bases the argument he offers in support of theism on regularities of succession by first stating that prior attempts by philosophers and theologies of the eighteenth century to prove the existence of God failed because they largely based their arguments on regularities of co-presence. The distinction of these regularities, according to Swinburne, is that while regularities of co-presence are patterns of spatial order at a specific instant in time, regularities of succession are the simple patterns of behavior exhibited by objects because of the external influence by the forces of nature. For example, the orderliness of the various organs within the human body and how they perform in perfect synchrony to complement each other’s functionalities is a regularity of co-presence. Regularities of succession are based on empirically derivable laws of interaction. The action of attraction and repulsion that occurs within the sub-atomic particles within an atom, and how these forces end up determining the formation of matter by biding many atoms together is an example of a regularity of succession. Swinburne offers the natural balance of the universe brought about by the mutual attraction of planetary bodies with respect to the distance between them and their weights as an illustration of the action of regularities of succession. The following is an outline of Swinburne’s argument in favor of theism. All objects within the universe, living or dead, always behave strictly according to the laws of nature (1). This is not however sufficient enough to be the basis of concluding that theism is true. There is a need to establish the cause of regularities of succession. All regularities of succession exist due to the operation of scientific laws (2), but the most fundamental regularities cannot be given an empirical explanation, and since for the purpose of this argument they must be explained anyway, this explanation must be based in the rational choices of free agents. A dancer’s movements are determined by the rhythm of the tune he or she is dancing to, and this being a regularity of succession is proof that all regulations of succession must have an agent. Similarly, an agent must be responsible for the harmony exhibited by the universe as it behaves according to the laws of nature. The universe is so harmonious and it is very wide, the powers of the agent controlling it must be very immense compared to those of the dancer who, with the freedom of choice, moves in synchrony to the rhythm of a tune (3). The most fundamental of scientific regularities, which are regularities of succession, cause other regularities of succession, and even these most fundamental regularities must have a causative agent. There can be no better explanation to the most basic regularities of succession, so we conclude that an agent bestowed with power and intelligence just like men but at a much higher degree is most likely responsible for their action, thus the proof of theism. Swinburne attributes the existence of regularities of succession to an ultimate causative agent. In his argument, he draws a comparison between the rational choice of a free agent in the simpler term and the much more complex operation of the universe, which he himself portrays as very puzzling. In his argument, infinite attributes are assumed to be simpler than infinite attributes. Furthermore, the agent controlling the universe, if its operation is similar to the exhibition of regularities of succession by simpler free agents like men, must also have had a cause. He fails to explain the cause of this agent and his argument in proof of theism contradicts itself, making it unsound. The premises Swinburne raises are largely valid until the conclusion. A reader of his work will find premise one true since scientific research has empirically established the laws of nature which define the action of objects thus making premise (1) believable. It is true, taking human beings as example that regularities of succession are exhibited as the result of rational choice. A dancer will not move to the rhythm of a tune without having made the choice to dance, and this cause-effect approach makes premise (2) very coherent. If then a being is rationally controlling the universe, his powers must be very immense making premise (3) a convincing conclusion developed from the first two premises. Swinburne argues for theism by equating simpler attributes to complex attributes. In premise (3), he inductively derives a higher probability that God exists, but as with all probabilities, any outcome is likely. Simpler attributes to the actions of objects are not given an explanation to why they are true. Swinburne fails to claim that he proves the existence of God is more probable than his non-existence. He builds his argument on the causation of regularities of succession by more fundamental regularities, but fails to give an explanation for the most fundamental of these regularities: that an immensely powerful agent is rationally controlling the universe. There is thus sufficient ground to successfully object to his argument. In this paper, I evaluated an argument Richard Swinburne offered in support of theism. I first explained the distinction he creates between regularities of co-presence and regularities. I then proceeded to explain his argument and the reasons why it is valid. After this, I considered the reasons a person would choose to think that the premises he based his argument on are true and finally presented my objection to the argument by identifying and explaining why premise (3) is not necessarily valid. My conclusion was that Swinburne did not offer a sufficient reason to believe that theism is true. ? Works Cited Swinburne, Richard. â€Å"The Argument from Design†. Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology of Contemporary Views. Ed. Melville Y. Stewart. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1996. 233-246.

Is Absolute Freedom Of Speech Necessary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 605 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? During the age of Socrates and Plato, absolute freedom of speech was not believed to have been of paramount significance as the state was considered far superior to an individual. But gradual transformation took place over the centuries with the likes of Voltaire and John Stuart Mill advocating absolute freedom of speech and laying more importance upon exemption from societal norms. However, aeonian debates could not help reach an agreeable conclusion and convergent ideas continue to spring up in everyones mind even today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Absolute Freedom Of Speech Necessary?" essay for you Create order While some suggest absolute freedom is quintessential for a marketplace of ideas to shape a better society, others find a need for restrictive freedom (quite a paradox wherein freedom of speech is advocated, but is not absolute). Which of the two is advisable could largely be left to individual reasoning and belief, but an effort can be made to determine the supposedly better alternative. More often than not, an ideal consideration is impractical and what seems practical is not ideal. Such is the case with absolute freedom of speech. In theory, it seems to be undeniably perfect, but the reality is in stark contrast. Which is why though Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India guarantees freedom of speech as a fundamental right, clause (2) of the same article imposes certain limitations on absolute expression of thought; thoughts cannot be confined, but curbing their expression in certain situations is mandated to avoid conflicts and provide a sense of security. Legal scholars propose a harm thesis that offensive utterances harm people the same way that physical blows do, a fact unknown to many and they harbour a false notion that freedom of speech also includes freedom from any consequence. Under absolute freedom, the heightened magnitude of such psychological abuse could only be imagined. Another ramification arising would be absolute freedom to the press and media, contributing to corrupted and fake news production. The only respite may be the absence of one-sided news stories, but it is not worth the high risk of a possible abuse of power. Thus, even the Supreme Court of India has ruled out that free press is not an absolute right; though it may be quintessential for political and educative functions and especially so in a democratic country. But without certain restrictions, the situation would most certainly be unfavourable for the country and for its people as media possesses the power to affect how and what people think. Moreover, with the advent of social media, absolute freedom of speech could result in pandemonium. It would further provide an impetus to the rising crime of cyberbullying, which has been found to be more grievous than face-to-face bullying, resulting in greater suicide rates, especially among teenagers. Furthermore, though absolute freedom of speech preaches a noble cause; freedom of exchange of ideas to all individuals, it has an encompassing range of application, from highly personal to professional issues. As a result, it may be manipulated to act in ones own self interest and lead to innumerable conflicts, especially when relating to religious, racial or national beliefs. Instead of helping create a marketplace of ideas, absolute freedom could create a marketplace of disagreements. In conclusion, absolute freedom of speech would lead to a general disregard of others sentiments while trying to justify ones own. It seems to far-fetched for everyone to consider opinions contrary to those held by them without any argument and with civility like Voltaire who quotes Think for yourself and let others enjoy the privilege of doing so too. Until that day arrives, it is for the general benefit of all that freedom of speech is preserved, but not beyond measure.

Capital Punishment A Critical Evaluation - 1288 Words

Abhimanyu Patel Professor Capps English 1A 06 October 2014 Capital punishment: A critical evaluation by Edward I. Koch How can one man single-handedly change the outlook of the people regarding the death punishment? Edward I. Koch has in his article â€Å"Death and Justice† clearly and efficiently expressed his support towards the death penalty and he has thoroughly looked at both the sides of the argument and shown his support accordingly. Edward I. Koch earned a law degree from New York University in 1948 and practiced law in New York City from 1949 to 1968 (handout). This made him a very credible to be able to critique about the term â€Å"death penalty†. â€Å"Death and Justice† was published in the New Republic in April 1985 which suggested that his original audience were democrats and the citizens of USA and the article might have certainly created an astonishing impact on the readers. Koch was concerned about the lives of the innocent victims and to stop the murders he efficiently stated that the â€Å"death pena lty† is the only alternative for the bringing the innocent killings to an end. Koch wants the readers to be aware about those kinds of people and he wants his readers to be conscious about these situations so that they may be able to raise their voices for the justice of a guiltless victim and this way whole nation can become known to the least spoken fact of the capital punishment. Koch wants the readers to fulfil their duty of being the law abiding citizens and take theShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment Essay: Its Fair and Effective964 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment - Its Fair and Effective   Ã‚  Ã‚   Confronting head-on two of the most prominent objections to the death penalty is the object of this paper: Is the death penalty a miscarriage of justice? And Does it Deter Crime?    Its a miscarraige of justice. 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Financing Needs And Opportunities, And Government Of Uganda

Uganda is in a transitional period in terms of both financing needs and opportunities, and Government of Uganda (GoU) has already begun to expand the range of options it utilises: some semi-concessional external debt has been contracted since FY08/09, and Treasury Bills and Bonds have been issued explicitly for fiscal policy purposes since FY12/13. In addition to these new modalities, opportunities for borrowing externally on fully commercial terms – such as in the form of dollar-denominated ‘Eurobonds’ – have also begun to emerge. In this paper we look at Domestic borrowing: Treasury Bill and Bond issuance. With GoU having begun to issue Treasury securities for fiscal purposes, the authorities face a challenge in determining both what†¦show more content†¦This paper seeks to incorporate this recent evidence into a consideration of the specific issues faced by Uganda. It aims to address the key costs, risks, and broader macroeconomic implications – including the potential impact on private investment and overall economic activity – and what steps Uganda can take to maximise the benefits and minimise costs and risks as GoU decides how much to turn to DD financing. Domestic debt is an area of considerable and ongoing reform in Uganda. Until FY11/12, Treasury Bills and Bonds were issued ostensibly only for monetary policy purposes; but as of FY12/13, GoU began to conduct net securities issuance primarily for fiscal policy purposes – raising around Shs.650 billion (1.2 per cent of GDP) towards the financing of the fiscal deficit that year. As reported above, by the end of FY12/13 the total stock of outstanding Treasury securities stood at 11.1 per cent of GDP; this is below the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) average of around 15 per cent of GDP. In FY13/14 GoU planned to raise Shs1,040 billion, or 1.6 per cent of GDP, through net Treasuries issuance; this was in line with net Treasury issuance over the past ten years, which has averaged 1.5 per cent of GDP per year. Costs, risks and broader considerations Interest costs Figure 1 : selected cost and risk

The Gravity Model Free Essays

Literature review Many researches and theories have been written according to the trade flows between two different zones (EU and BRICS countries). A researcher Cheney in 2008 reported that â€Å"The gravity model† is a very tangible method for empirical trade analysis that explains bilateral trade is described in trade flows in terms of the size of the trading partners (by GDPs), the distance among these countries (long distance creates additional cost on trade) and several other geographical specifications or policy aspects of any bilateral trade relationship. As these factors affect the value of trade between countries, they also affect the duration of these trade flows Prusa in 2006. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gravity Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, we include the GDP of the destination country, the distance (in km) between Brussel, Berlin and the importer country’s capital city, and various variables indicating contiguity (i.e. controlling for potential border effects), the existence of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, EU membership of the destination market and a common language between Belgium, Germany and its trading partner (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa). We also control for the initial value of the export relationship in a destination to account for the initial level of confidence the trading partners originally had in the sustainability of this relationship Brenton in 2010 and to check the presented findings by Besede in 2008 that trade relations starting large last longer. The measurement of trade policy is not often changed even when the definition of trade policy is restricted to traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade.The TRAINS database of the United Nations’ or the WITS database of the World Bank’s are systematically exist from 1989. In totally, we can observe that measures of tariffs aremore available than measures of non-tariff barriers. (Anderson and Wincoop 2004). In some situations, there are different types of trade policy measurements: As price – we can show ad-valorem tariffs which are easy to calculate and most comparable across industries and time because they create barrier in international trade and it influences directly to the product’s price. Furthermore, trade instruments such of that specific tariffs which are applied as a per-unit on imported goods. By analyzing the trade policy measurement across countries, industries and time that can effect inference about the effect of trade policies in cross-country and multi-industry researches (Harrigan and Barrow in 2009). A recent study by scholars from the  University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, UK (2017) started to analyze the price of different type of chocolates in terms of consumers wants to purchase them. The research showed that online traders do not put higher cost for mixed chocolate than plain chocolate. Moreover, consumers agree to pay a premium for ordinary chocolate bars which are full of proteins and they will prefer to pay a premium for chocolate in comparison to milk chocolate according to dark chocolate’s important benefits. Another interesting fact is that to produce a chocolate labeled in developing countries is less cost under the fair trade as opposed to other types of chocolate. Another author, Tracey Massey, president of Mars Chocolate (2016) stressed that for increasing our profit we have to apply newer innovation in chocolate products because of consumers’ preferences. Thus, consumers love to taste new mixed products. In another tangible point, we refer to another scholar, Mr. Nielson (2016) corresponding to pricing and sales Nielson presented that chocolate as main product still covers most industry sales (88%) in the market. Hence, people buy chocolate much more during special ceremonies and holidays. In a light of another study of Mayer, which was presented in 2014, he noted that we have evaluate the level of international competition Belgian and German chocolate exporters face on each market. Firstly, we appreciate this observed level by taking into account the amount of chocolate imports from other countries (with the exception of Belgium and Germany). International competition can influence to the prolongation of the chocolate export in two levels. On the first level, countries importing a vast amount of chocolate may also import more chocolate from Belgium and Germany because of a strong preference for chocolate. On the second level, if international competition is tougher, Belgian and German exporters may see it more difficult to compete with other exporters in the market. Another important study came in 2011 by Lulia Monica from the Romanian Academy, Institute of World Economy. According to this paper, it can be seen that the relations between BRICS countries and these two developed countries is the key for the modernization on trade partnership. Thus, in recent decade the chocolate trade between both two areas have increased significantly, emphasizing the great evolution of Chinese and Russian shares on the market of Europe. In 2009, China became the third main exporter for the European market, and the main import country for Europe. After China, Russia came on the fourth place as exporting country, India the 8th and Brazil the twelfth. When it comes to the imports: China is the first import destination for Europe, Russia is the 3rd , Brazil the 9th and India the10th. As a result, this paper indicates that Belgium and Germany as EU countries is the most important trade partner for BRICS countries, both in the sector of exports and imports. Therefore, the points of this enquiry directed to analyze chocolate market share of the given countries above, the situation trade among these countries, to touch some parameters that directly affect the development of the chocolate market and to take into account trade factors in the different countries, how tariffs applied influence the level of export to BRICS countries. How to cite The Gravity Model, Papers

Developing Leading and Managing People Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Developing Leading and Managing People Leadership. Answer: Introduction: The characteristics of Gandhis leadership included self-confidence, influence, inspiration, developing others and achievement. He was the first to introduce non-violence, satyaghraha and consider achieving independence from the British rule. He never supported hatred and took all the blame for the mistakes on himself. Merkel, on the other hand depicted strong moral and ethical values and beliefs. She went against her own party to help the population of Germany, thereby encouraging moral and humanity. Furthermore, Thatcher was a moral, ethical leader and manager who had the qualities such as concern, openness, and integrity. She respected the views and opinion of people and gave them importance. It can be thus opined that Gandhi and Thatcher had some similarities in their ethical leadership. Evolution of leadership Being a transformational leader, Gandhi led the people by example. He united the people to work towards a particular goal. His characteristic regarding uniting people and leading them shows the practice of transformational leadership. The leadership of Merkel was influenced from the political environment under which she grew up. The failure in the academic life gave her opportunity to enter into the career of politics (Matthijs 2016, p.142). Thatcher also adopted transformational leadership and gained power from dedicated study and passionate delivery. She utilized power using logic and guilt into service. Multicultural leadership Gandhi practiced non-violence and fasting and was imprisoned a number of times. He never connected with the government or international organisation. As a multicultural leader, Merkel strengthened the relationship between USA and German after Iraq war. Psychology of leadership Gandhi started satyagraha and ahimsa with the avocation of self-reliance to achieve independence. He believed in equality of people and discouraged racial discrimination. Merkel dominated the German politics as an uncharismatic leader. She supported her rival parties for the welfare of the economy. Thatcher in contradictory was dominant and took up critical questions as acquisition. Thatcher never differentiated between men and women. She prioritized her own culture and other cultures. She became a conservative leader and went against the elaborate a Euro sceptical package that prioritized sovereignty-based populism over both technocratic liberalism and co-operative pragmatism (Fontana and Parsons 2015, p.93). Leadership theories All the characteristics of transformational leadership were there in Gandhi. He welcomed new ideas and opinions and suggested his supporters in the campaigns. Merkel however is participating, directive and achievement oriented and thus follows directive and participative leadership. Thatcher was the sole decision maker and pursued autocratic leadership. Her leadership style gave way to many reforms in Britain. Discussion on effective leader Mahatma Gandhi can be considered as an effective leader as he influenced and inspired others. He helped India to gain independence by implementing ahimsa and satyagraha. With the transformational leadership, and great ideals he contributed to the development of India as a nation. References Fontana, C. and Parsons, C., 2015. One Woman's Prejudice: Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti?Europeanism?.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,53(1), pp.89-105. [Accessed from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/43029152/Fontana___Parsons_2015.Thatcher__Britain_and_Europe.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEAExpires=1483605289Signature=JBYBqSWhA9SyLTmhy11GCISRkdk%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DOne_Womans_Prejudice_Did_Margaret_Thatc.pdf] Matthijs, M., 2016. The Three Faces of German Leadership.Survival,58(2), pp.135-154. [Accessed from https://euroscope.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Three-Faces-of-German-Leadership.pdf]